The Learning Journey Match It - Head To Tail Puzzle Game For Kids - Helps Interactive Child Development, Problem-Solving and Social Skills - 20 Self-Correcting Puzzle Sets - For 3+ Years

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Represent each displacement vector graphically with an arrow, labeling the first \(\mathbf{A}\), the second \(\mathbf{B}\), and the third \(\mathbf{C}\), making the lengths proportional to the distance and the directions as specified relative to an east-west line. The head-to-tail method outlined above will give a way to determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant displacement, denoted \(\mathbf{\mathbf{R}}\). At birth, an infant’s head is typically larger and rounder than the rest of their body. As they grow, their head will continue to grow faster than other parts of their body. This phenomenon occurs due to neurological changes that occur in infancy that help facilitate certain skills. For example, infants may be able to use their upper limbs before their lower limbs due to cephalocaudal development. Dube P, Tavares P, Lurz R, van Heel M (1993) Bacteriophage SPP1 portal protein: a DNA pump with 13-fold symmetry. EMBO J 12:1303–1309

Sborgi L, Verma A, Muñoz V, de Alba E (2011) Revisiting the NMR structure of the ultrafast downhill folding protein gpW from bacteriophage λ. PLoS One 6:e26409Bhardwaj A, Olia AS, Walker-Kopp N, Cingolani G (2007) Domain organization and polarity of tail needle GP26 in the portal vertex structure of bacteriophage P22. J Mol Biol 371:374–387 Abrescia NG, Bamford DH, Grimes JM, Stuart DI (2012) Structure unifies the viral universe. Annu Rev Biochem 81:795–822

Moreover, intramolecular disulphide cross-links engineered between AAA-1 and motif 2 residues in TthClpB, EcoClpB and yeast Hsp104 are also compatible with the fitted structure ( Figure 1E; K476C/E358C, Oguchi et al., 2012; G175C/R484C, H362C/Q473C E. coli numbering, Lee et al., 2003; G175C/S499C, Haslberger et al., 2007; Hsp104 K358C/D484C, Lipinska et al., 2013). However, this arrangement is not compatible with some of the engineered disulphide bonds observed in yeast Hsp104 ( Desantis et al., 2014) (D427C/E475C, D427C/E471C and E320C/N467C). Fokine A, Rossmann MG (2014) Molecular architecture of tailed double-stranded DNA phages. Bacteriophage 4:e28281 Spinelli S, Veesler D, Bebeacua C, Cambillau C (2014) Structures and host-adhesion mechanisms of lactococcal siphophages. Front Microbiol 5:3

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Nováček J, Šiborová M, Benešík M, Pantůček R, Doškař J, Plevka P (2016) Structure and genome release of Twort-like Myoviridae phage with a double-layered baseplate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 113:9351–9356 Agirrezabala X, Martín-Benito J, Castón JR, Miranda R, Valpuesta JM, Carrascosa JL (2005) Maturation of phage T7 involves structural modification of both shell and inner core components. EMBO J 24:3820–3829

Chang JT, Schmid MF, Haase-Pettingell C, Weigele PR, King JA, Chiu W (2010) Visualizing the structural changes of bacteriophage Epsilon15 and its Salmonella host during infection. J Mol Biol 402:731–740 Motwani T, Lokareddy RK, Dunbar CA, Cortines JR, Jarrold MF, Cingolani G, Teschke CM (2017) A viral scaffolding protein triggers portal ring oligomerization and incorporation during procapsid assembly. Sci Adv 3:e1700423 Step 5. To get the magnitude of the resultant, measure its length with a ruler. (Note that in most calculations, we will use the Pythagorean theorem to determine this length.) Head-to-Tail Addition is a Concept Builder that provides learners with an exercise in recognizing the proper vector addition diagram for a given equation. To be successful with the activity, learners will need to understand the basics of constructing a head-to-tail (or tip-to-tail) vector addition diagram. There are 18 total questions organized into nine Question Groups and spread across three levels of difficulty. Each question provides a vector addition equation involving the addition of three vectors. The magnitude and direction of each vector is shown. Learner must toggle through six diagrams and identify the one that is consistent with the given vectors and the given vector addition diagram. Tang J, Olson N, Jardine PJ, Grimes S, Anderson DL, Baker TS (2008) DNA poised for release in bacteriophage phi29. Structure 16:935–943

References

The middle domains are known to form coiled-coils, with protein helices coiled together like the strands of a rope. However, previous efforts to work out the structure of the ClpB complex did not clearly establish where these coiled-coils were positioned relative to the rest of the ring. Vianelli A, Wang GR, Gingery M, Duda RL, Eiserling FA, Goldberg EB (2000) Bacteriophage T4 self-assembly: localization of gp3 and its role in determining tail length. J Bacteriol 182:680–688 Lebedev AA, Krause MH, Isidro AL, Vagin A, Orlova EV, Turner J, Dodson EJ, Tavares P, Antson AA (2007) Structural framework for DNA translocation via the viral portal protein. EMBO J 26:1984–1994 Auzat I, Petitpas I, Lurz R, Weise F, Tavares P (2014) A touch of glue to complete bacteriophage assembly: the tail-to-head joining protein (THJP) family. Mol Microbiol 91:1164–1178 Maxwell KL, Yee AA, Arrowsmith CH, Gold M, Davidson AR (2002) The solution structure of the bacteriophage lambda head-tail joining protein, gpFII. J Mol Biol 318:1395–1404

Structures of AAA+ proteins crystallised in their hexameric assemblies show that the large and small subdomains of the AAA fold assume a range of conformations that can be clustered into open or closed forms ( Cho and Vale, 2012; Stinson et al., 2013; Figure 6—figure supplement 2). The closed conformation is ATP-binding competent and there are intermediate forms that might also represent weak binding states. Using a gallery of available AAA+ crystal structures we modelled open, closed and intermediate conformations of ClpB AAA-1 and AAA-2. We also created AAA+ dimers of adjacent ClpB subunits based on ClpX pseudo-hexameric crystal structures ( Glynn et al., 2009; Stinson et al., 2013; Figure 6—figure supplement 2) that were fitted as rigid bodies into the asymmetric reconstructions. Crystallographic dimers are likely to provide more realistic models of subunit interfaces than can be deduced by fitting individual subunits into low-resolution maps. Cardarelli L, Lam R, Tuite A, Baker LA, Sadowski PD, Radford DR, Rubinstein JL, Battaile KP, Chirgadze N, Maxwell KL, Davidson AR (2010a) The crystal structure of bacteriophage HK97 gp6: defining a large family of head-tail connector proteins. J Mol Biol 395:754–368 There are a variety of methods for determining the magnitude and direction of the result of adding two or more vectors. The two methods that will be discussed in this lesson and used throughout the entire unit are: Leiman PG, Chipman PR, Kostyuchenko VA, Mesyanzhinov VV, Rossmann MG (2004) Three-dimensional rearrangement of proteins in the tail of bacteriophage T4 on infection of its host. Cell 118:419–429 Casjens S, Hendrix R (1988) Control mechanisms in dsDNA bacteriophage assembly. In: Calendar R (ed) The bacteriophages, vol 1. Plenum Press, New YorkThomas JO, Sternberg N, Weisberg R (1978) Altered arrangement of the DNA in injection-defective lambda bacteriophage. J Mol Biol 123:149–161 Draw the resultant from the tail of the first vector to the head of the last vector. Label this vector as Resultant or simply R. Step 4. Draw an arrow from the tail of the first vector to the head of the last vector. This is the resultant, or the sum, of the other vectors.