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Animalium: Welcome to the Museum

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MA was the subject of the 19th Symposium Aristotelicum, which took place in Munich in 2011, and out of which came the book under review. This volume consists in effect of three sections, and it is difficult, in a brief review, to cover any of them sufficiently. First, there is the lengthy introduction in two parts: one on the argument of MA, the other on the text of MA, by the two editors (Rapp and Primavesi respectively). Second, there is the critical edition of the Greek text, based on a radically new stemma, with three apparatuses (by Primavesi), with an English translation (by Benjamin Morison) based on (and facing) the text. [1] Third, there are the eight chapters that amount to a detailed philosophical commentary on MA, followed by a final chapter on the place of MA in the corpus Aristotelicum. (There is also a bibliography and indexes locorum and nominum.) Apabila ingin mendapatkan pembelajaran lebih rinci, pengunjung bisa menggunakan pemandu selama berwisata di Animalium BRIN. The Loeb Classical Library introduction characterizes the book as "an appealing collection of facts and fables about the animal kingdom that invites the reader to ponder contrasts between human and animal behavior". To illustrate the philosophical method, consider one grouping of many kinds of animal, ' birds': all members of this group possess the same distinguishing features—feathers, wings, beaks, and two bony legs. This is an instance of a universal: if something is a bird, it has feathers and wings; if something has feathers and wings, that also implies it is a bird, so the reasoning here is bidirectional. On the other hand, some animals that have red blood have lungs; other red-blooded animals (such as fish) have gills. This implies, in Aristotle's reasoning, that if something has lungs, it has red blood; but Aristotle is careful not to imply that all red-blooded animals have lungs, so the reasoning here is not bidirectional. [1]

Claudius Aelianus ( Ancient Greek: Κλαύδιος Αἰλιανός, Greek transliteration Kláudios Ailianós; [1] c. 175– c. 235 AD), commonly Aelian ( / ˈ iː l i ən/), born at Praeneste, was a Roman author and teacher of rhetoric who flourished under Septimius Severus and probably outlived Elagabalus, who died in 222. He spoke Greek so fluently that he was called "honey-tongued" ( μελίγλωσσος meliglossos); Roman-born, he preferred Greek authors, and wrote in a slightly archaizing Greek himself. [2] Voultsiadou, Eleni; Vafidis, Dimitris (1 January 2007). "Marine invertebrate diversity in Aristotle's zoology". Contributions to Zoology. 76 (2): 103–120. doi: 10.1163/18759866-07602004. ISSN 1875-9866. S2CID 55152069.

Generally seen as a pioneering work of zoology, Aristotle frames his text by explaining that he is investigating the what (the existing facts about animals) prior to establishing the why (the causes of these characteristics). The book is thus an attempt to apply philosophy to part of the natural world. Throughout the work, Aristotle seeks to identify differences, both between individuals and between groups. A group is established when it is seen that all members have the same set of distinguishing features; for example, that all birds have feathers, wings, and beaks. This relationship between the birds and their features is recognized as a universal.

Alciphron, Aelian, and Philostratus, The Letters. Translated by A. R. Benner, F. H. Fobes. 1949. Loeb Classical Library. ISBN 978-0-674-99421-8Selain itu, di dalamnya juga terdapat patung peraga satwa. Bahkan ada pula taman luar ruangan yang mirip dengan habitat aslinya dan berisi hewan aslinya. Jika tidak ingin terlalu ramai pengunjung, dianjurkan datang saat hari kerja yakni Selasa-Jumat. Namun, jika tidak mempermasalahkan jika ingin ramai datang saat akhir pekan yakni Sabtu-Minggu. Fürst von Lieven, A.; Humar, M. (2008). "A Cladistic Analysis of Aristotle's Animal Groups in the "Historia animalium" ". History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences. 30 (2): 227–262. JSTOR 23334371. PMID 19203017. Text and translation on p. 105.) Scholars have offered a number of conjectures for μυσὶ and γῆι. Primavesi’s new edition, however, gives us the reading πίττηι (from the β-family) in place of γῆι, [4] and so “with the mice in pitch.” [5] I would have thought pitch impedes mobility not by always giving way, but by never letting go, though Primavesi provides a plausible defense of the aptness of the example (p. 107), as does Coope in ch. 2 (p. 242 n. 5). [6] Cohen, Simona (2008). Animals as Disguised Symbols in Renaissance Art. Brill. pp.38–39. ISBN 978-90-04-17101-5.

For more on the virtues of Cooper’s essay, see the second section of Andrea Falcon’s review of this same volume in Mind, published online 31 May 2021. Some of Aristotle's observations were not taken seriously by science until they were independently rediscovered in the 19th century. For example, he recorded that male octopuses have a hectocotylus, a tentacle which stores sperm and which can transfer it into the female's body; sometimes it snaps off during mating. [11] The account was dismissed as fanciful until the French naturalist Georges Cuvier described it in his 1817 Le Règne Animal. [12] Aristotle also noted that the young of the dogfish grow inside their mother's body attached by a cord to something like a placenta (a yolk sac). This was confirmed in 1842 by the German zoologist Johannes Peter Müller. [12] Aristotle noted, too, that a river catfish which he called the glanis cares for its young, as the female leaves after giving birth; the male guards the eggs for forty or fifty days, chasing off small fish which threaten the eggs, and making a murmuring noise. The Swiss American zoologist Louis Agassiz found the account to be correct in 1890. [13] The comparative anatomist Richard Owen said in 1837 that "Zoological Science sprang from [Aristotle's] labours, we may almost say, like Minerva from the Head of Jove, in a state of noble and splendid maturity". [28] The text contains some claims that appear to be errors. Aristotle asserted in book II that female humans, sheep, goats, and swine have a smaller number of teeth than the males. This apparently false claim could have been a genuine observation, if as Robert Mayhew suggests [16] women at that time had a poorer diet than men; some studies have found that wisdom teeth erupt in men more often than women after age 25. [17] But the claim is not true of other species either. Thus, Philippa Lang argues, Aristotle may have been empirical, but he was quite laissez-faire about observation, "because [he] was not expecting nature to be misleading". [15]Semua hewan hidup di sini adalah untuk kepentingan riset para peneliti dari BRIN," kata General Manager Operasional Animalium Purnomo Budi Dewanto kepada Kompas.com, Jumat (26/5/2023). Panduan ke Animalium BRIN

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