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Jan Sobieski: The King Who Saved Europe

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The defeat of the Ottoman Army outside the gates of Vienna 300 years ago is usually regarded as the beginning of the decline of the Ottoman Empire. But Walter Leitsch asks whether it was such a turning point in the history of Europe? ... However, it marks a turning point: not only was further Ottoman advance on Christian territories stopped, but in the following war that lasted up to 1698 almost all of Hungary was reconquered by the army of Emperor Leopold I. From 1683 the Ottoman Turks ceased to be a menace to the Christian world. ... The battle of Vienna was a turning point in one further respect: the success was due to the cooperation between the troops of the Emperor, some Imperial princes and the Poles. ... However the co-operation between the two non-maritime neighbours of the Ottoman Empire in Europe, the Emperor and Poland, was something new. ... Walter Leitsch is Professor of East European History and Director of the Institute of East and Southeast European Research at the University of Vienna. [22] In the beginning, there is a mention of the withdrawal of Turkish troops from the camp near Vienna and the abandonment of their tents and belongings, which happened thanks to God’s help. The Christian armies rejoiced while taking over these goods. This joy caused the army to bring wine and guns to the Turkish camp. And there is a deep complementarity between them. Wasserstein focuses primarily on the “Ostjuden” of what are now Ukraine and Poland, and Henderson further westwards on what becomes the Austro-Hungarian empire. In both we read of the attempts of Jews over the course of time to move into, across and ultimately away from what was long their geographical centre of gravity. William Wordsworth wrote on February 4, 1816, and published the same year among the "Sonnets dedicated to Liberty" [51] (or "Poems dedicated to Independence and Liberty" [52]) his "Siege of Vienna Raised by John Sobieski", which was his take on da Falicaia's ode to Sobieski's victory, about which Wordworth wrote, "This, and his other poems on the same occasion [of Sobieski's raising the siege of Vienna], are superior perhaps to any lyrical pieces that contemporary events have ever given birth to, those of the Hebrew Scriptures only excepted.—W. W. (1816 and 1820.)" a b Mirosław Nagielski (1995). Hetmani Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów (in Polish). Bellona. p.227. ISBN 83-11-08275-8.

The Rarities which were found in the Prime Vizor's Tent, were no less Numerous than Strange and Surprising, as very curious Parrots, and some Birds of Paradise, with all his Banios, and Fountains, and some Ostriches, which he Chose rather to Kill, than let 'em fall Alive into our Hands; Nay his Dispair and Jealousy transported him so far, as to Destroy his very Women for the same Reason. de Battaglia, O.Forst. The Cambridge History of Poland. Cambridge University Press. p.539. ISBN 9781001288024. Casualties during the siege: 48,544 killed, 25% desertion and unknown number of deaths from diseases [3] In the course of further fighting, the enemy troops were forced to abandon their camp, leaving all their tents behind. However, no one was captured. The Polish army and its allies remained on the battleline while the enemy troops were driven out. The victorious troops led by Jan III Sobieski could enter Vienna. When this happened, the enemy tried to storm the city walls. However, Jan III prevented him from doing so. After a hard fight, the hussars, under the command of the king of Poland managed to completely repulse the enemy. The city was completely recaptured from the enemy’s hands, thus gaining a great victory that made the name of the Polish monarch famous throughout Christian Europe. The enemy forces numbered 150,000 soldiers. The commanders of individual military units also distinguished themselves on the battlefield, including Prince Charles of Lorraine, the Saxon prince John George, and the Bavarian Maximilian Emanuel. Although it took the Polish and allied troops three days to cross the Vienna Forest, and both people and animals had nothing to eat or drink on the way, one could not notice the slightest reluctance or dissatisfaction in their ranks. Everyone rejoiced and wanted to look the enemy in the eye. After the War, the couple moved to Britain where Bernard Wasserstein was born in 1948. His close contemporary Kathy Henderson tells us about the Vienna-based Schindler and Schey families, linked as they were by her grandmother “Mutti”, the actress Anny Schindler who was a cousin of Mahler’s wife Alma.In this table, only household and retinue troops’ numbers are certain, 78,500 and 44,200 while other troops’ numbers are rounded, 50,000 Tatars, 10,000 Wallachian, 170,000 rear service etc. Based on this, Kahraman Şakul claim that this anonymous table show counted numbers of household and retinue troops while number of provincial troops (Tımarlı Sipahi: 40,000) and vassal states’ troops (100,000) is expected numbers. For instance, Tatars, Nogais and Circassians number was more than 100,000 while this table shows that Tatars (general term for Crimean Khanate and its vassals) brought 50,000 warriors. [37] Ottoman accounts state the size of the household army as 25,529 Janissaries, 3045 weaponeers (in Ottoman Turkish: cebeci) and 4000 gunners, totaling 32,574 as opposed to 60,000 estimation in this table. Therefore, according to K. Şakul's assessment, the Ottoman army consisted of approximately 120,000 soldiers and 156 guns. Within their ranks, 30,000 troops were strategically stationed in captured castles and deployed to disrupt the approaching relief army's movements. [38]

Daniel Stone (2001). The Polish–Lithuanian state, 1386–1795. University of Washington Press. p.236. ISBN 0-295-98093-1. a b Şakul, Kahraman (2021). II. Vİyana Kuşatması Yedi Ejderin Fendi (in Turkish). İstanbul: Timas Publishing. p.391. ISBN 978-6050835663.Despite the victory of the Catholic allies, there was still tension among the various commanders and their armies. Sobieski demanded that Polish troops be allowed to have the first choice of the spoils of the Ottoman camp, as such German and Austrian troops were left with smaller portions of the loot. [53] Further, Protestant Saxons, who had arrived to relieve the city, were reportedly subjected to verbal abuse by the Catholic populace of the Viennese countryside. The Saxons left the battle immediately, without partaking in the sharing of spoils, and refused to continue the pursuit. [53] Ottoman military flag captured in the siege of Vienna The main Ottoman army laid siege to Vienna on 14 July. On the same day, Kara Mustafa sent the traditional demand that the city surrender to the Ottoman Empire. [Note 4] Ernst Rüdiger Graf von Starhemberg, leader of the remaining 15,000 troops and 8,700 volunteers with 370 cannons, refused to capitulate. Only days before, he had received news of the mass slaughter at Perchtoldsdorf, [30] a town south of Vienna, where the citizens had handed over the keys of the city after having been given a similar choice but were killed anyway. Siege operations started on 17 July. [20] :660

Duell im Dunkeln" (in German). 2DF. 6 November 2005. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 28 August 2006. Also, in the morning, Jan III Sobieski went for Tatar and other troops, and because they could not cross the Danube River, as all the bridges had been demolished earlier, they headed towards Gran and Stulweissenberg. The Saxon prince asked the emperor, seizing the opportunity, about the cause of Hungary. He was curious when His Majesty the Emperor would grant Hungarians life and freedom and renew their privileges while allowing Evangelicals to profess their religion. The prince also expressed his desire that all churches, regardless of religion, would survive in Hungary. He also asked Leopold I about the fate of the Hungarian leader Thököly. During this conversation, the Duke of Saxony looks for further allies to be able to create a bulwark of Christianity against the Turks. He mentioned here, among others Transylvania, Wallachians, and Moldovans. In this way, he wants to enlarge the Christian league with God’s help. Evangelicals and Protestants should also be included in this league. It would also help countries like Spain and Portugal that cannot defend themselves against Muslims. Christian clergy would benefit from this by regaining their abandoned goods and monasteries. Thanks to these endeavours, the Holy See would become more prosperous and stronger. At the same time, the clergy is exhorted here not to participate in state matters.

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Original hussars were light cavalry. But when prince of Transylvania, Stephen Bathory, became king of Poland in 1576, he completely reorganized these forces into elite, heavy units, that were much better trained and equipped, with unique tactics. They became famous as so called "winged cavalry". It will be easier to understand why, when you look at the picture below: After which, Leopold I had lunch with the King of Poland and Lithuania, the dukes of Bavaria and Saxony, the Duke of Lorraine, and other noble lords. During the meal, he praised the courage of each of them, especially the courage of Jan III Sobieski and the Saxon prince, who, despite being wounded, did not give up and continued to participate in the battle bravely. a b Frank N. Magill (2013). The 17th and 18th Centuries: Dictionary of World Biography. Routledge. p.726. ISBN 978-1-135-92414-0. Aleksander Gieysztor (1979). History of Poland. PWN, Polish Scientific Publishers. p.223. ISBN 83-01-00392-8. a b c Michael Gaitley, MIC (2015). The Second Greatest Story Ever Told. Marian Press – Association of Marian Helpers. pp.33–. ISBN 978-1-59614-319-7.

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