The Evolution of Home: English Interiors for a New Era

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a b Antrosio, Jason (August 23, 2018). "Denisovans and Neandertals: Rethinking Species Boundaries". Living Anthropologically. Archived from the original on August 1, 2020 . Retrieved August 25, 2018. Bernard Wood noted that Paranthropus co-existed with the early Homo species in the area of the "Oldowan Industrial Complex" over roughly the same span of time. Although there is no direct evidence which identifies Paranthropus as the tool makers, their anatomy lends to indirect evidence of their capabilities in this area. Most paleoanthropologists agree that the early Homo species were indeed responsible for most of the Oldowan tools found. They argue that when most of the Oldowan tools were found in association with human fossils, Homo was always present, but Paranthropus was not. [191]

The earliest documented representative of the genus Homo is Homo habilis, which evolved around 2.8million years ago, [32] and is arguably the earliest species for which there is positive evidence of the use of stone tools. The brains of these early hominins were about the same size as that of a chimpanzee, although it has been suggested that this was the time in which the human SRGAP2 gene doubled, producing a more rapid wiring of the frontal cortex. During the next million years a process of rapid encephalization occurred, and with the arrival of Homo erectus and Homo ergaster in the fossil record, cranial capacity had doubled to 850cm 3. [33] (Such an increase in human brain size is equivalent to each generation having 125,000 more neurons than their parents.) It is believed that H.erectus and H.ergaster were the first to use fire and complex tools, and were the first of the hominin line to leave Africa, spreading throughout Africa, Asia, and Europe between 1.3to1.8 million years ago. Katsnelson, Alla (March 24, 2010). "New hominin found via mtDNA". The Nutshell (Blog). Philadelphia, PA: The Scientist. ISSN 0890-3670. Archived from the original on July 2, 2015 . Retrieved May 1, 2015.Particularly conspicuous is variation in superficial characteristics, such as Afro-textured hair, or the recent evolution of light skin and blond hair in some populations, which are attributed to differences in climate. Particularly strong selective pressures have resulted in high-altitude adaptation in humans, with different ones in different isolated populations. Studies of the genetic basis show that some developed very recently, with Tibetans evolving over 3,000 years to have high proportions of an allele of EPAS1 that is adaptive to high altitudes. a b Prüfer, K.; de Filippo, C.; Grote, S.; Mafessoni, F.; Korlević, P.; Hajdinjak, M.; etal. (2017). "A high-coverage Neandertal genome from Vindija Cave in Croatia". Science. 358 (6363): 655–658. Bibcode: 2017Sci...358..655P. doi: 10.1126/science.aao1887. PMC 6185897. PMID 28982794. The immediate survival advantage of encephalization is difficult to discern, as the major brain changes from Homo erectus to Homo heidelbergensis were not accompanied by major changes in technology. It has been suggested that the changes were mainly social and behavioural, including increased empathic abilities, [153] [154] increases in size of social groups, [147] [155] [156] and increased behavioral plasticity. [157] Humans are unique in the ability to acquire information through social transmission and adapt that information. [158] The emerging field of cultural evolution studies human sociocultural change from an evolutionary perspective. [159] Evolution of the shape, size, and contours of the human ( Homo) skull [160] [161] [a] [164] [d] [2] [166] [167] [168] [169] [103] [170] [171] Sexual dimorphism [ edit ] Zimmer, Carl (August 31, 2023). "Humanity's Ancestors Nearly Died Out, Genetic Study Suggests - The population crashed following climate change about 930,000 years ago, scientists concluded. Other experts aren't convinced by the analysis". the New York Times. Archived from the original on August 31, 2023 . Retrieved September 2, 2023.

There were in fact two splits between the human and chimpanzee lineages, with the first being followed by interbreeding between the two populations and then a second split. The suggestion of a hybridization has startled paleoanthropologists, who nonetheless are treating the new genetic data seriously. [236] The quest for the earliest hominin [ edit ] The authors argue that many of the basic human adaptations evolved in the ancient forest and woodland ecosystems of late Miocene and early Pliocene Africa. Consequently, they argue that humans may not represent evolution from a chimpanzee-like ancestor as has traditionally been supposed. This suggests many modern human adaptations represent phylogenetically deep traits and that the behavior and morphology of chimpanzees may have evolved subsequent to the split with the common ancestor they share with humans. Homo habilis lived from about 2.8 [32] to 1.4 Ma. The species evolved in South and East Africa in the Late Pliocene or Early Pleistocene, 2.5–2 Ma, when it diverged from the australopithecines with the development of smaller molars and larger brains. One of the first known hominins, it made tools from stone and perhaps animal bones, leading to its name homo habilis (Latin 'handy man') bestowed by discoverer Louis Leakey. Some scientists have proposed moving this species from Homo into Australopithecus due to the morphology of its skeleton being more adapted to living in trees rather than walking on two legs like later hominins. [61] Homo neanderthalensis, alternatively designated as Homo sapiens neanderthalensis, [77] lived in Europe and Asia from 400,000 [78] to about 28,000 years ago. [79] Zimmer, Carl (September 10, 2019). "Scientists Find the Skull of Humanity's Ancestor — on a Computer – By comparing fossils and CT scans, researchers say they have reconstructed the skull of the last common forebear of modern humans". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 1, 2022 . Retrieved September 10, 2019.a b Krause, Johannes; Qiaomei Fu; Good, Jeffrey M.; etal. (April 8, 2010). "The complete mitochondrial DNA genome of an unknown hominin from southern Siberia". Nature. 464 (7290): 894–897. Bibcode: 2010Natur.464..894K. doi: 10.1038/nature08976. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 10152974. PMID 20336068. S2CID 4415601. a b Sayers, Ken; Raghanti, Mary Ann; Lovejoy, C. Owen (October 2012). "Human Evolution and the Chimpanzee Referential Doctrine". Annual Review of Anthropology. 41: 119–138. doi: 10.1146/annurev-anthro-092611-145815. ISSN 0084-6570. Sequencing mtDNA and Y-DNA sampled from a wide range of indigenous populations revealed ancestral information relating to both male and female genetic heritage, and strengthened the "out of Africa" theory and weakened the views of multiregional evolutionism. [247] Aligned in genetic tree differences were interpreted as supportive of a recent single origin. [248] Harvati, Katerina (January 2003). "The Neanderthal taxonomic position: models of intra- and inter-specific craniofacial variation". Journal of Human Evolution. 44 (1): 107–132. doi: 10.1016/S0047-2484(02)00208-7. ISSN 0047-2484. PMID 12604307. The new batch – 150,000 years ago". The evolution of man. London: BBC Science & Nature. Archived from the original on January 18, 2006 . Retrieved April 28, 2015.

Dean, MC, Stringer, CB et al, (1986) "Age at death of the Neanderthal child from Devil's Tower, Gibraltar and the implications for studies of general growth and development in Neanderthals" (American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Vol 70 Issue 3, July 1986)

The Lost World of Transhumance

Blell, Mwenza (September 29, 2017). "Grandmother Hypothesis, Grandmother Effect, and Residence Patterns". The International Encyclopedia of Anthropology: 1–5. doi: 10.1002/9781118924396.wbiea2162. ISBN 978-1-118-92439-6. Homo rudolfensis refers to a single, incomplete skull from Kenya. Scientists have suggested that this was a specimen of Homo habilis, but this has not been confirmed. [63] Dennell, Robin; Roebroeks, Wil (2005). "An Asian perspective on early human dispersal from Africa". Nature. 438 (7071): 1099–1104 Kuhlwilm M, Gronau I, Hubisz MJ, de Filippo C, Prado-Martinez J, Kircher M, Fu Q, Burbano HA, Lalueza-Fox C, de la Rasilla M, Rosas A, Rudan P, Brajkovic D, Kucan Ž, Gušic I, Marques-Bonet T, Andrés AM, Viola B, Pääbo S, Meyer M, Siepel A, Castellano S (2016). "Ancient gene flow from early modern humans into Eastern Neanderthals". Nature. 530 (7591): 429–433. Bibcode: 2016Natur.530..429K. doi: 10.1038/nature16544. PMC 4933530. PMID 26886800. Viegas, Jennifer (May 21, 2010). "Toothy Tree-Swinger May Be Earliest Human". Discovery News. Silver Spring, MD: Discovery Communications, LLC. Archived from the original on May 9, 2015 . Retrieved April 28, 2015.