War Of Lanka (Ram Chandra Series Book 4)

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Ethnic Conflict of Sri Lanka: Time Line – From Independence to 1999". International Centre for Ethnic Studies. Archived from the original on 12 December 2009 . Retrieved 11 October 2009. The new government then pursued a policy of "war for peace". Determined to retake the key rebel stronghold of Jaffna, which was occupied by 2,000 rebels, [106] it poured troops into the peninsula in the successful Operation Riviresa. In one particular incident in August 1995, Air Force jets bombed St. Peter's church at Navali (Naavaella), killing at least 65 refugees and wounding 150 others. [107] In another instance in the same year, over 40 people were massacred in Nagerkovil and more civilian massacres followed in subsequent years, such as the Kumarapuram massacre, Tampalakamam massacre, Puthukkudiyiruppu massacre, etc., all of them carried out by government forces. [108] Government troops initially cut off the peninsula from the rest of the island, [106] and then, after seven weeks of heavy fighting, succeeded in bringing Jaffna under government control for the first time in nearly a decade. In a high-profile ceremony, Sri Lankan Defense Minister Col. Anuruddha Ratwatte raised the national flag inside the Jaffna Fort on 5 December 1995. The government estimated that approximately 2500 soldiers and rebels were killed in the offensive, and an estimated 7,000 wounded. [109] Many civilians were killed in this conflict, such as the Navaly church bombing in which over 125 civilians died. The LTTE and more than 350,000 civilians, compelled by SL military operations and LTTE pressure to leave Jaffna, [110] fled to the Vanni region in the interior. Most of the refugees returned later the next year. July 2009 - A Sri Lanka Army (SLA) soldier was killed and two wounded in a clash that erupted at Kiraankulam in Batticaloa lagoon area. A wounded LTTE soldier was also admitted in the hospital [292] On 17 October 2008, SLA troops cut off the Mannar-Poonaryn A32 highway north of Nachchikuda, the main remaining Sea Tiger stronghold on the northwestern coast of the island, thus effectively encircling it. [228] They began their assault on 28 October and captured it the next day. [229] [230] After that the Army Task Force 1 continued their advance towards Pooneryn and captured Kiranchchi, Palavi, Veravil, Valaipadu and Devil's Point. [231] [232] On 15 November 2008, troops of the Army Task Force 1 entered the strategically important Tiger stronghold of Pooneryn. [233] [234] Simultaneously, the newly created Army Task Force 3 was introduced into the area of Mankulam with the objective of engaging the LTTE cadres in a new battlefront towards the east of the Jaffna–Kandy A9 highway. [235] SLA troops captured Mankulam and the surrounding area on 17 November 2008. [236] Violent persecution erupted in the form of the 1956, 1958, 1977, 1981 and 1983 anti-Tamil pogroms, as well as the 1981 burning of the Jaffna Public Library. These were carried out by the majority Sinhalese mobs often with state support, in the years following Sri Lanka's independence from the British Empire in 1948. [45] Shortly after gaining independence, Sinhalese was recognized as the sole official language of the nation. [46] After a 26-year military campaign, the Sri Lankan military defeated the Tamil Tigers in May 2009, bringing the civil war to an end. [2]

Exhaustion with the war was building as casualties mounted and there appeared to be no end in sight. By mid-2000 human rights groups estimated that more than one million people in Sri Lanka were internally displaced persons, living in camps, homeless and struggling for survival. As a result, a significant peace movement developed in the late 1990s, with many organizations holding peace camps, conferences, training and peace meditations, and many other efforts to bridge the two sides at all levels. As early as February 2000 Norway was asked to mediate by both sides, and initial international diplomatic moves began to find a negotiated settlement to the conflict. [116] Government regains total control of former LTTE-controlled areas in the North and East of the country and Tamil Eelam gets reincorporated into Sri Lanka. Ravaan has many plans in his head. On one side, he knows the secret about Prince Angad's true father and wishes to use it to conquer Kishkindha and merge its army with his depleted one. He also wants to be declared a Living God by the Council of Wise Men in Mithila. This becomes the primary reason why he wants to marry Princess Sita, the prime minister of Mithila, but is heavily humiliated by the underhanded tactics of the Malayaputras and Sita, who wants to marry Ram. Raavan besieges Mithila with 10,000 of his soldiers-cum-bodyguards, and Ram, the now husband of Sita, is forced to use the biological weapon Asurastra by Viswamitra, even though its use is forbidden by Lord Rudra. The Lankan army is defeated and Raavan escapes on his helicopter, Pushpak Viman but ends up unintentionally inflicting a life-crippling blow to his brother. He ends up shelving his plans of Kishkindha and Mithila and focuses more on Kumbha's health.Bloody Day in Sri Lanka: 103 Dead". Zaman Daily. 17 October 2006. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. a b "Sri Lanka: Mavil Aru Operation and After – An Analysis". southasiaanalysis.org. 12 August 2006. Archived from the original on 20 June 2010 . Retrieved 4 March 2012. The final stages of the war created 300,000 internally displaced persons (IDPs) who were transferred to camps in Vavuniya District and detained there against their will. [336] The camps were surrounded by barbed wire. This, together with the conditions inside the camps, attracted much criticism from inside and outside Sri Lanka. [337] After the end of the civil war President Rajapaksa gave assurances to foreign diplomats that the bulk of the IDPs would be resettled in accordance with the 180-day plan. [338] [339] By January 2012, almost all the IDPs had been resettled, except 6,554 from the Divisional Secretariats of Mullaitivu district, where the de-mining work was yet to be finished. [340] Since 1983, the civil war caused mass outflow of Tamil civilians from Sri Lanka to South India. After the end of the war, nearly 5,000 of them returned to the country. As of July 2012, 68,152 Sri Lankans were living in South India as refugees. [341] Detainees [ edit ] Anbarasan, Ethirajan (16 October 2007). "Sri Lanka on brink of all-out war". BBC News . Retrieved 31 December 2007.

On 22 September 2010, the UNROW Human Rights Impact Litigation Clinic, has advocated and litigated on behalf of victims of the armed conflict in Sri Lanka. UNROW Human Rights Impact Litigation Clinic released a report calling for the establishment of a new international tribunal to prosecute those most responsible for the crimes committed during the conflict. UNROW Human Rights Impact Litigation Clinic also submitted evidence of human rights violations committed during the armed conflict to the United Nations Panel of Experts on Sri Lanka, which U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon appointed in 2010. [388] During the 1970s [65] the Policy of standardization was initiated. Under the policy, students were admitted to university in proportion to the number of applicants who sat for the examination in their language. Officially the policy was designed to increase the representation of students from rural areas. In practice the policy reduced the numbers of Sri Lankan Tamil students who had previously, based on their examination scores alone, gained admission in a higher proportion than their participation in the examination. They were now required to gain higher marks than Sinhalese students to gain admission to universities. [62] [66] For instance, the qualifying mark for admission to the medical faculties was 250 out of 400 for Tamil students, but only 229 for Sinhalese. [67] The number of Sri Lankan Tamil students entering universities fell dramatically. The policy was abandoned in 1977. [68] In January, 2015, UNROW Human Rights Impact Litigation Clinic filed a paper on "The Legal Case of the Tamil Genocide" based on the evidence, nature and extent of the violence committed by Government Forces against Tamils. [388]Tamil Tigers kill 6 civilian workers in Lanka". The Times of India. 2 April 2007 . Retrieved 22 April 2007. Other forms of official discrimination against the Sri Lankan Tamils included the state-sponsored colonization of traditional Tamil areas by Sinhalese peasants, the banning of the import of Tamil-language media and the preference given by the 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka to Buddhism, the main religion followed by the Sinhalese. [62] [66] D. B. S. Jeyaraj (11 March 2008). "LRRP infiltration demolishes impregnable Tiger terrain myth". TransCurrents. Archived from the original on 16 May 2012 . Retrieved 20 January 2012. {{ cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( link)

After their election to the State Council in 1936, the Lanka Sama Samaja Party (LSSP) members N.M. Perera and Philip Gunawardena demanded the replacement of English as the official language by Sinhala and Tamil. In November 1936 a motion that "in the Municipal and Police Courts of the Island the proceedings should be in the vernacular" and that "entries in police stations should be recorded in the language in which they are originally stated" were passed by the State Council and referred to the Legal Secretary. However, in 1944 J.R. Jayawardena moved in the State Council that Sinhala should replace English as the official language. [ citation needed] In March 2014, the United Nations Human Rights Commission drafted a resolution on "Promoting reconciliation, accountability and human rights in Sri Lanka" and requested its High Commissioner Ms. Navi Pillay to undertake a comprehensive investigation into alleged serious violations and human rights abuses that have taken place during the war. Subsequently, the Human Rights Commissioner directed the setting up of OHCHR Investigation in Sri Lanka (OISL). [346]

Moolakkattu, John (June 2004). "Salvaging the fractured Sri Lankan peace process". Peace Review. 16 (2): 211–217. doi: 10.1080/1040265042000237761. ISSN 1040-2659. S2CID 144230403.

Amnesty International, 31/8/91, Sri Lanka: The Northeast: Human rights violations in a context of armed conflict https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa37/014/1991/en/June 2009 – Special Task Force (STF) personnel while conducting search and clear operation in Darampalawa area in Ampara confronted a group of LTTE cadre and recovered two bodies along with numerous military items. [291] The first international voice to support the charge of genocide against the Government of Sri Lanka under international law was raised by Human Rights Watch and it has advocated and published the details in December 2009. Leading American expert in international law, Professor Francis A. Boyle held an emergency meeting with U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon to urge to stop Tamil genocide by providing the evidence of crimes against humanity, genocide against Tamils and the international community's failure to stop the slaughter of Tamil civilians in Sri Lanka. [385] [386] Sri Lanka Army captures Sampur". Bloomberg. 4 September 2006. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. August 2009 - 5 LTTE cadres were killed while they were hiding inside a house in Batticaloa. Another one was captured alive while injured. He was sent to hospital. A SLA soldier was also wounded. Hariharan, R. (8 September 2006). "Sri Lanka: LTTE's moment of truth at Sampur – Update 101". southasiaanalysis.org. Archived from the original on 28 November 2010 . Retrieved 29 April 2012.