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Wan X, Peoples LL (2006) Firing patterns of accumbal neurons during a pavlovian-conditioned approach task. J Neurophysiol 96:652–660. 10.1152/jn.00068.2006 Albertella L, Le Pelley ME, Chamberlain SR, Westbrook F, Fontenelle LF, Segrave R, Lee R, Pearson D, Yücel M (2019) Reward-related attentional capture is associated with severity of addictive and obsessive-compulsive behaviors. Psychol Addict Behav 33:495–502. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000484 Berridge KC (2004) Motivation concepts in behavioral neuroscience. Physiol Behav 81:179–209. 10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.02.004 [ PubMed] [ CrossRef] [ Google Scholar] After completion of Pavlovian training, rats were divided into two behavior-matched groups (based on the PCA index from the last training session). The “paired” group underwent a reward devaluation procedure via induction of a taste aversion: exposure to the US (10% sucrose in the home cage) was paired with illness via injection of LiCl. The “unpaired” group underwent a sham devaluation procedure in which sucrose exposure was paired with vehicle injection. Both groups received equivalent sucrose exposure in the home cage, and both groups received both LiCl and vehicle injections (see Materials and Methods); but only in the “paired” group was sucrose temporally linked to illness.

Your login may only be used by one person – a single login shared by multiple people is not permitted. You may create separate logins for as many people as you’d like. A second is sent when delivery is attempted to notify the recipient if we have been able to deliver. If we were unable to deliver the message will advise that we have left a ‘Something for You‘ card to arrange collection or redelivery. Dalley, J. W., Everitt, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (2011). Impulsivity, compulsivity, and top-down cognitive control. Neuron, 69(4), 680–694. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.01.020.Cardinal RN, Aitken MRF (2006) ANOVA for the behavioural sciences researcher. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., London The authors could include a more thorough analysis of baseline activity differences between groups and conditions (e.g. via z-score normalization of full session activity perhaps). Changes in baseline activity would affect any normalized event-related activity measure. Day JJ, Wheeler RA, Roitman MF, Carelli RM (2006) Nucleus accumbens neurons encode Pavlovian approach behaviors: evidence from an autoshaping paradigm. Eur J Neurosci 23:1341–1351. 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04654.x Saunders BT, O’Donnell EG, Aurbach EL, Robinson TE (2014) A cocaine context renews drug seeking preferentially in a subset of individuals. Neuropsychopharmacology 39:2816–2823 Lever presses were reinforced on a variable interval (VI15s; range 10–20 s) schedule and active and inactive levers switched on a variable time (VT70s; range 20–120 s) schedule. Statistical analyses

Use the signing service API to create signatures for prescriptions. The signing service is only used for EPS. Decisions are customarily a result of the Reviewing Editor and the peer reviewers coming together and discussing their recommendations until a consensus is reached. When revisions are invited, a fact-based synthesis statement explaining their decision and outlining what is needed to prepare a revision will be listed below. The following reviewer(s) agreed to reveal their identity: Kurt Fraser.

Desire is easy to recognize through behaviors such as approach and consumption; pleasure is much more challenging to directly observe and objectively measure in animals, but even in rats the body language associated with liking and wanting are distinct if one observes closely enough. [12]

The relationship between cells that are modulated by latency to how they are modulated by extinction learning is excellent, but the same relationship is not as well explored for other sections of the results. It would be nice to flesh that out. ST is an expected and common response to cues that are associated with rewards. Even though it is “normal”, ST has been linked to other behavior and learning patterns that can interfere with training and raise welfare concerns, and a goal in training should be to minimize the incidence of ST behavior. A few of these issues are described in the following sections. Flagel SB, Robinson TE, Clark JJ, Clinton SM, Watson SJ, Seeman P, Phillips PEM, Akil H (2010) An animal model of genetic vulnerability to behavioral disinhibition and responsiveness to reward-related cues: implications for addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology 35:388–400 SM and SN designed the experiment and wrote the paper. MB and SM carried out the experiment. SM analyzed the data. Conflict of Interest Statement Cardinal RN, Parkinson JA, Hall J, Everitt BJ (2002) Emotion and motivation: the role of the amygdala, ventral striatum, and prefrontal cortex. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 26:321–352Fleming, A. (2015) The science of craving. The Economist: The Intelligent Life (May/June) http://www.intelligentlifemagazine.com/content/features/wanting-versus-liking?https%3A%2F%2Fwww.socialflow.com%2Fpublish#?fsrc=scn/fb/te/bl/ed/100socialflow=science+of+craving

Marschner, A., Kalisch, R., Vervliet, B., Vansteenwegen, D., & Buchel, C. (2008). Dissociable roles for the hippocampus and the amygdala in human cued versus context fear conditioning. Journal of Neuroscience, 28(36), 9030–9036. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1651–08.2008. Taha SA, Fields HL (2005) Encoding of palatability and appetitive behaviors by distinct neuronal populations in the nucleus accumbens. J Neurosci 25:1193–1202. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3975-04.2005A rationale should be provided for why analyses were done on relatively long 1 sec or 0.5 sec bins, and why one or the other bins were selected for different analyses. There seems to be differences in firing responses at different points within these bins. Meyer PJ, Lovic V, Saunders BT, Yager LM, Flagel SB, Morrow JD, Robinson TE (2012) Quantifying individual variation in the propensity to attribute incentive salience to reward cues. PLoS One 7:e38987. 10.1371/journal.pone.0038987 is usually a biologically significant stimulus (e.g., food, pain) that can elicit a specific response without any training. During Pavlovian conditioning procedures, the US follows presentation of the conditional stimulus (CS or cue). Unconditional response (UR)